O determinismo e o ‘Princípio de Possibilidades Alternativas’ (PPA): Harry Frankfurt e a querela ‘determinismo’ ou ‘livre-arbítrio’.
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No presente trabalho defenderei o argumento de que o Princípio de Possibilidades Alternativas como explicitado por Harry Frankfurt em The Importance of What We Care About ainda é um bom argumento para as questões inerentes ao debate da querela entre o determinismo e o livre arbítrio. O debate entre determinismo e livre arbítrio está no coração da natureza humana e das perguntas centrais da filosofia, ou seja, a pergunta, “o que é o homem?” traz consigo a pergunta se o homem é livre ou não, se ele é um animal como os demais, ou se possui um dado específico que pode de algum modo distingui-lo da natureza da qual participa. Para a construção e defesa do argumento da presente dissertação avaliarei os argumentos e intuições de Harry Frankfurt sob a luz das conclusões de caráter determinista
implícito encontradas na obra-prima de Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Ensaio Filosófico Sobre as Probabilidades. A sub hipótese que anima o encontro de Laplace com Harry Frankfurt é que a teoria probabilística ilumina a teoria da segunda volição em Harry Frankfurt. O trabalho de pesquisa apresentará uma análise do conceito de determinismo, estabelecendo algumas de suas modalidades e defensores, particularmente a partir das observações matemáticas de Laplace e suas implicações para a querela determinismo e livre-arbítrio. A pesquisa apresentará ainda uma análise dos conceitos de ação e liberdade de Harry Frankfurt em The Importance of What We Care About, pontuada pelos diálogos e debates que a obra oportunizou, em especial centrando em defender à luz da teoria da 2a volição o conceito de
Possibilidades Alternativas como relevante para a explicitação da presença ou não da liberdade nos seres humanos. Como é ordinário em pesquisas filosóficas se utilizará do método hermenêutico de análise conceitual qualitativa com especial ênfase nas obras originais em cotejo com a bibliografia especializada sobre o tema. Espera-se que a presente pesquisa possa auxiliar no esclarecimento acerca da liberdade humana, dum ponto vista filosófico, com especial relevância para a capacidade de atribuição de responsabilidade pelos nossos atos.
In the present work, I will defend the argument that the Principle of Alternate Possibilities, as elucidated by Harry Frankfurt in "The Importance of What We Care About," is still a valid argument for the inherent issues in the debate between determinism and free will. The debate between determinism and free will lies at the heart of human nature and the central questions of philosophy, namely, the question, "what is man?" carries with it the question of whether man is free or not, whether he is an animal like the others, or whether he possesses a specific attribute that can in some way distinguish him from the nature in which he participates. For the construction and defense of the argument of this dissertation, I will evaluate Harry Frankfurt's arguments and intuitions in light of the implicitly deterministic conclusions found in Pierre-Simon de Laplace's masterpiece, "Philosophical Essay on Probabilities." The underlying hypothesis driving Laplace's encounter with Harry Frankfurt is that probabilistic theory sheds light on Frankfurt's theory of second-order volition. The research work will present an analysis of the concept of determinism, establishing some of its modalities and proponents, particularly based on Laplace's mathematical observations and their implications for the determinism-free will debate. The research will also provide an analysis of Harry Frankfurt's concepts of action and freedom in "The Importance of What We Care About,"punctuated by the dialogues and debates that the work has engendered, especially focusing on defending, in light of the theory of second-order volition, the concept of Alternate Possibilities as relevant for the elucidation of the presence or absence of freedom in human beings. As it is customary in philosophical research, the hermeneutic method of qualitative conceptual analysis will be employed, with special emphasis on original works juxtaposed with specialized bibliography on the subject. It is hoped that this research can contribute to clarifying human freedom from a philosophical standpoint, with particular relevance to the capacity for attributing responsibility for our actions.
In the present work, I will defend the argument that the Principle of Alternate Possibilities, as elucidated by Harry Frankfurt in "The Importance of What We Care About," is still a valid argument for the inherent issues in the debate between determinism and free will. The debate between determinism and free will lies at the heart of human nature and the central questions of philosophy, namely, the question, "what is man?" carries with it the question of whether man is free or not, whether he is an animal like the others, or whether he possesses a specific attribute that can in some way distinguish him from the nature in which he participates. For the construction and defense of the argument of this dissertation, I will evaluate Harry Frankfurt's arguments and intuitions in light of the implicitly deterministic conclusions found in Pierre-Simon de Laplace's masterpiece, "Philosophical Essay on Probabilities." The underlying hypothesis driving Laplace's encounter with Harry Frankfurt is that probabilistic theory sheds light on Frankfurt's theory of second-order volition. The research work will present an analysis of the concept of determinism, establishing some of its modalities and proponents, particularly based on Laplace's mathematical observations and their implications for the determinism-free will debate. The research will also provide an analysis of Harry Frankfurt's concepts of action and freedom in "The Importance of What We Care About,"punctuated by the dialogues and debates that the work has engendered, especially focusing on defending, in light of the theory of second-order volition, the concept of Alternate Possibilities as relevant for the elucidation of the presence or absence of freedom in human beings. As it is customary in philosophical research, the hermeneutic method of qualitative conceptual analysis will be employed, with special emphasis on original works juxtaposed with specialized bibliography on the subject. It is hoped that this research can contribute to clarifying human freedom from a philosophical standpoint, with particular relevance to the capacity for attributing responsibility for our actions.
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NÓBREGA, Nícolas Küper. O determinismo e o ‘Princípio de Possibilidades Alternativas’ (PPA): Harry Frankfurt e a querela ‘determinismo’ ou ‘livre-arbítrio’. 2024. 62 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Católica de Pernambuco. Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia. Mestrado em Filosofia, Recife, 2024.
